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Walloons

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Walloons
Image:Peter Minuit portrait New Amsterdam 1600s light.jpg
Total population

3,5 millions
Regions with significant populations
Wallonia
Bruxelles region
Flandre
Languages
French, Wallon, Picard, German...

Walloons (French: Wallons, Walloon: Walons) are a Romance people partly from Germanic origin, Celtic origin,, in any case a melting-polt [1][2] speaking the French, living in Belgium principally in Wallonia, more generally the inhabitants of Wallonia. They speak also regional languages like Walloon or Picard.


Contents

[edit] Etymology

The term Walloon is derived from Walha, a very old Germanic term used by Germanic Tribes to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers.[3] According to region, Walha transformed, in particular by loans in other languages, and by semantic reduction. "Walloon" was created in Roman languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465, where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. Its meaning narrows yet again during French and Dutch periods, and at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Wallon, Picard, …) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds a political content to «the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept»[4] Walloon so that it then also designates the inhabitants of Wallonia — a monolingual French-speaking territory — as opposed to Flemish. The word Walloon meaning a territory did exist previously for instance in the book of Charles White,The Belgic revolution where we may find the word Wallons used in French The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the center of the commotion. [5][6][7] The French word Wallons in English is also used in Encyclopedia Britannica. [8] Albert Henry wrote that the word Walloon designating a Constitutionnal reality in 1988 was first refering to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands. It was also used in order to designate a territory by the locutions provinces wallonnes or Walloon country (Pays wallon), from the 16th century to the Belgian revolution and only after Wallonia[9]. The locution Walloon country was also used in Dutch e.g. Walsch land[10][11]. The locution existed also in German, perhaps Wulland in the Hans Heyst'sbook (1571) where Wulland is translated by Wallonia in English (1814) [12]. In German it is however generally Wallonenland : Le païs de Valons,Belgolalia, Wallonenland, in "Le Grand Dictionnaire Royal" Augsbourg, 1767 [13] [14]; The name of the churchs' consecration is in Touraine assemblées, in Bretagne pardons, in the North Departments sometimes kermesses, sometimes as in the Walloon country, ducasses (from dedicatio) [15] In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw[16]). In French (and France (Wand)), it is le Pays wallon: The Walloon country included the greatest part of the to-day Belgium, the Province of Flandre orientale, the Province of Flandre occidentale both named Flandre wallonne , the Province of Namur, the Hainaut, the Limbourg, the pays de Liège and even the Luxembourg [17][18] For Félix Rousseau Wallooon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons [19]

[edit] Institutional aspects

Main articles: Walloon Region, Wallonia, and State reform in Belgium

[edit] Conceptual and emotional aspects

[edit] Wallonia

As in any part of the world where languages are spoken in areas that have no physical barrier between them, the extent of Wallonia has shifted through the ages; the more so in that through history the low-lying area of Flanders and the hilly region of the Ardennes have been under the control of many city-states and external powers, all of which have brought variations to the borders, culture, and language. The Walloon language itself, widespread up till the Second World War, has been dying out of common use owing to growing internationalisation, official education that does not include it as a language, and the efforts of the French government to support the use of French within the "Francophonie" commonwealth. This is complicated by the federal structure of Belgium, which splits Belgium into three language groups - French community (though not Walloon but genertally named Wallonia-Brussels), especially on the international plan and from 1 january 2009 [20], Flemish community and German community - with the privilege of using their own tongues in official correspondence, but into three autonomous regions, known as "Vlaanderen" (Flanders) and "la région wallonne" (Walloon region, including the German community but generally called Wallonia) and the bilingual (French-Dutch) Brussels region, also the federal capital of Belgium.

[edit] Brussels - not Walloon but French-speaking

Many non-French-speaking observers (over)generalize Walloons as a term of convenience for all Belgian French-speakers (even those born and living in the Brussels Region). While the mixing of the population for economic and practical reasons over the centuries means that most families can trace ancestors on both sides of the linguistic divide, the fact that the Brussels region is around ¾ French-speaking but lying geographically in Flanders has led to friction between the regions and communities. The local dialect in Brussels, "Brussels Vloms", is a Brabantic dialect, reflecting the Dutch heritage of the city.

Walloons are historically credited with pioneering the industrial revolution in Continental Europe in early 19th century.[21] In relatively modern history, Brussels has been the major town or the capital of the region. Because of long Spanish and French rule, French became the sole official language; after a brief period with Dutch as the official language while the region was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, French was reinstated after independence in 1830, and the Walloon region, being a major coal and steel producing area, developed very quickly into the economic powerhouse of the country. Walloons (or in fact French-speaking elites,but who were calledWalloons), were therefore politically dominant, and many Flemish immigrants came to work in Wallonia. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the gradual decline of steel and more especially coal, coupled with the imbalance in investment in service industries and light industry which came to predominate in Flanders, started to tip the balance in the other direction, and Flanders became gradually politically dominant; and in their turn Walloon families have moved to Flanders in search of jobs.[citation needed] This evolution has not been without political repercussions.

[edit] Walloon identity

The heartland of Walloon culture is the Meuse Valley and the Sambre Valley, Charleroi Dinant, Namur (the regional capital), Huy and Liège.

[edit] Regional languages statistics

Its Walloon language could be considered as an element of Walloon identity. However, the entire French-speaking population of Wallonia cannot be culturally considered Walloon, since a significant portion in the west (around Tournai and Mons) and smaller portions in the extreme south (around Arlon) possess other languages (namely Picard, Champenois, Luxembourgish, and Lorrain) as mother tongues. All of them can speak French as well or better. A survey of the Centre liégeois d'étude de l'opinion [22] pointed out in 1989 71,8% of the younger people of Wallonia understand and speak only a little or absolutely not the Walloon language, 17,4% rather well, 10,4% almost totally or totally [23]. On the base of other surveys and figures, Laurent Hendschel wrote in 1999 that between 30 and 40% people are bilingual in Wallonia (Walloon, Picard), among them 10% of the younger population (18-30 years old). According to Hendschel there are 36 to 58% of young people having a passive knowledge of the regional languages[24]On the other hand, Givet commune, several villages in Ardennes département in France with a journal Causon wallon (Let us speak Walloon)[25], and two villages in Luxembourg are historically Walloon-speaking.

[edit] Walloons in the Middle-Age

Since the 11th century the great towns alon the river Meuse dealed with Germany as forinstance Dinant, Huy,Liège,Wallengassen (Walloons' neighbourhoods) are founded. [26]. In Cologne,the Walloons wre the most important foreign community and there were three Walloonstreet in this city [27].They were lacking cooper they found in Germany, especially to Goslar.

In the 13th century, the medieval German colonisation of Transylvania (central and North-Western Romania) comprised also numbers of Wallons. Place names like "Wallendorf" (Wallon Village) and family names as "Valendorfean" ("Wallon peasant") can be found among the Romanian citizens of Transylvania.[28]

[edit] Walloons in the Renaissance

Jean Bodin 1530-1596 French political philosopher who invented Wallons-nous?

In 1572 Jean Bodin made a funny play on words which is until now very famous in Wallonia

“ Ouallonnes enim a Belgis appelamur [nous, les "Gaulois"], quod Gallis veteribus contigit, quuum orbem terrarum peragrarent, ac mutuo interrogantes qaererent où allons-nous, id est quonam profiscimur? ex eo credibile est Ouallones appellatos quod Latini sua lingua nunquam efferunt, sed g lettera utuntur. [29] ”

Translation: We are called Walloons by the Belgians because when the ancient people of Gallia were travelling the length and breadth of the earth it happened that they asked questions one another, each other: Où allons-nous? [Where are you going? : the pronunciation of these French words is the the same as the French word Wallons (plus us)], i.e. To which goal are we walking?. It is probable they took from it the name Ouallons (Wallons), which the Latin speaking are not able to pronounce without changing the word by the use of the letter G. One of the best translation oft his (humorous) idiom daily used in Wallonia[30] is These are strange times we are living in.

Shakespeare used the word Walloon A base Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace/Thrust Talbot with a spea rin the back. There is a note in this issue of Henry VI, Part 1 saying at this time, the Walloons [were] the inhabitants of the area, now in south Belgium, still known as the Pays wallon[31]. That is also the opinion of Albert Henry (quoting Maurice Piron) , [32])also quoted by A.J. Hoenselaars [33]  : Walloon meaning Walloon country in Henry VI's Shakespeare... [34]

[edit] Walloons in Sweden

Starting from 1620s, a considerable number of Walloon miners and their families had settled in Sweden[35]. They were originally led by the entrepreneur Louis de Geer who commissioned them to work in the iron mines of Uppland and Östergötland. The wave of migration continued substantially into 18th century. Walloons became gradually integrated into Swedish society. However, Walloon ancestry is still traceable through Walloon surnames and people of Walloon descent are organised in Sällskapet Vallonättlingar (Society of Walloon Descendants). [36]

[edit] Walloons and the Enlightenment

James Shaw wrote in 1786 Haynault and Namur, with Artois, now no longer an Austrian Province, compose the Walloon country. The Walloon name and language are also extended into the adjacent districts of the neighbouring Provinces. A large part of Brabant, where that Province borders on Haynault and Namur, is named Walloon Brabant. The affinity of language seems also on some occasions to have wrought a nearer relation.[37]

[edit] The Belgian revolution

The Belgian revolution was recently described as firstly a conflict between the Brussels municipality which was secondly dissemenitaded in the rest of the country, particularly in the Walloon provinces [38]. We read the nearly same opinion in Edmundson's book: The royal forces, on the morning of September 23, entered the city at three gates and advanced as far as the Park. But beyond that point they were unable to proceed, so desperate was the resistance, and such the hail of bullets that met them from barricades and from the windows and roofs of the houses. For three days almost without cessation the fierce contest went on, the troops losing ground rather than gaining it. On the evening of the 26th the prince gave orders to retreat, his troops having suffered severely. The effect of this withdrawal was to convert a street insurrection into a national revolt. The moderates now united with the liberals, and a Provisional Government was formed, having amongst its members Rogier, Van de Weyer, Gendebien, Emmanuel d'Hooghvorst, Félix de Mérode and Louis de Potter, who a few days later returned triumphantly from banishment. The Provisional Government issued a series of decrees declaring Belgium independent, releasing the Belgian soldiers from their allegiance, and calling upon them to abandon the Dutch standard. They were obeyed. The revolt, which had been confined mainly to the Walloon districts, now spread rapidly over Flanders. [39]. Jacques Logie wrote: On the 6th october, the whole Wallonia was under the Provisonal Government's control. In the Flemish part of the country the collapse of the Royal Government was as total and quick as in Wallonia, except Ghent and Antwerp.[40]Robert Demoulin who was Professor at the Université de Liège wrote : Liège is in the forefront of the battle for liberty [41], more than Brussels but with Brussels. He wrote the same thing for Leuven. According to Demoulin, these three cities are the républiques municipales at the head of the Belgian revolution. In this chapter VI of his book, Le soulèvement national (pp. 93-117), before writing On 6th October, the whole Wallonia is free [42], he quotes the following muncipalities from wich volunteers were going to Brussels, the centre of the commotion, in order to take part in the battle against the Dutch troops  : Tournai, Namur, Wavre (p.105) Braine-l'Alleud, Genappe, Jodoigne, Perwez, Rebecq, Grez-Doiceau, Limelette, Nivelles (p.106), Charleroi (and its region), Gosselies, Lodelinsart (p.107), Soignies, Leuze, Thuin, Jemappes (p.108), Dour, Saint-Ghislain, Pâturages (p.109) and he concluded: So, from the Walloon little towns and countryside, people came to the capital.. [43] The Dutch fortresses were liberated in Ath ( 27th September), Mons (29th September), Tournai (2nd October), Namur (4th October) (with the help of people coming from Andenne, Fosses, Gembloux) , Charleroi (5th October) (with peoplewho came in their thousands).The same day that was also the case for Philippeville, Mariembourg, Dinant, Bouillon[44]. In Flanders, the Dutch troops capitulated at the same time in Brugge, Ieper, Oostende, Menen,Oudenaarde, Gerardsbergen (pp. 113-114), but nor in Ghent nor in Antwerp (only liberated on 17th October and 27th October).

Against these interpretation,in any case for the troubles in Brussels, John W.Rooney Jr wrote : It is clear from the quantitative analysis that an overwhelming majority of revolutionaries were domiciled in Brussels or in the nearby suburbs and that the aid came from outside was minimal. For example, for the day of 23 September, 88% of dead and wounded lived in Brussels identified and if we add those residing in Brabant, it reached 95%. It is true that if you look at the birthplace of revolutionary given by the census, the number of Brussels falls to less than 60%, which could suggest that there was support "national" (to different provinces Belgian), or outside the city, more than 40%.But it is nothing, we know that between 1800 and 1830 the population of the capital grew by 75,000 to 103,000, this growth is due to the designation in 1815 in Brussels as a second capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the rural exodus that accompanied the Industrial Revolution. It is therefore normal that a large part of the population of Brussels be originating provinces. These migrants came mainly from Flanders, which was hit hard by the crisis in the textile 1826-1830. This interpretation is also nationalist against the statements of witnesses: Charles Rogier said that there were neither in 1830 nor nation Belgian national sentiment within the population. The revolutionary Jean-Baptiste Nothomb ensures that "the feeling of national unity is born today." As for Joseph Lebeau, he said that "patriotism Belgian is the son of the revolution of 1830.." Only in the following years as bourgeois revolutionary will "legitimize ideological state power.[45]

[edit] In the Belgian State

A few years after the Belgian revolution in 1830, the historian Louis Dewez underlined that Belgium is shared into two people, Walloons and Flemings. The former are speaking French, the latter are speaking Flemish. The border is clear (...) The provinces which are back the Walloon line , i.e.: the Province of Liège, the Brabant wallon, the Province of Namur, the Province of Hainaut are Walloon [...] And the other provinces throughout the line [...] are Flemish. It is not an arbitrarian division or an imagined combination in order to support an opinion or create a system: it is a fact... [46] Jules Michelet traveled in Wallonia in 1840 and we can read many times in his History of France his interest for Wallonia and the Walloons pp 35,120,139,172, 287, 297,300, 347,401, 439, 455, 468 (this page on the Culture of Wallonia, 476 (1851 edition published on line) [47]

[edit] Relationship with the German speaking community

The Walloon Region institutionally comprises also the German-speaking community of Belgium around Eupen, in the east of the region, next to Germany which ceded the area to Belgium after the First World War. Many of the 60,000 or so inhabitants of this very small community reject being considered as Walloon and – with their community executive leader Karl-Heinz Lambertz want to remain a federating unit, and to have all the powers of the Belgian Regions and Communities. Even if they don't want them absolutely and immediately (10 july 2008, official speech for the Flanders' national holiday).[48]

[edit] Famous Walloons

Including people from the region before it became known as Wallonia.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ A Henri Holt Reference Book, (Page 645: « The Walloons are descended from Germanic (Frankish) invaders who were culturally absorbed into the romanized sphere in which they settled and came to speak a French dialect »
  2. ^ Félix Rousseau,La Wallonie, Terre romane,Charleroi, 1993, p.60 : brassage humain... creuset où sont venus se fondre des éléments ethniques surgis de tous les points de l'horizon
  3. ^ John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, English and Welsh in Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures, University of Cardiff Press, 1963.
  4. ^ French: Au concept sentimental, linguistique et culturel s'est ajouté peu à peu, par la suite de l'évolution intérieure en Belgique, depuis 1880 surtout, un contenu politique Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 14.
  5. ^ Charles White, The Belgic Revolution of 1830, Whittaker, London, 1835, p. 308, see also, pp. 5, 45, 266, 307 where the same word as in French - Wallons - was used Oxford University's copy
  6. ^ Quoted also by Maurice Bologne, L'insurrection prolétarienne de 1830 en Belgique.Critique politique, n°9, Bruxelles, juillet 1981, p.56 and passim
  7. ^ Quoted also by Bruno Demoulin and Jean-Louis Kupper (editors) Histoire de la Wallonie, De la préhistoire au XXIe siècle, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, p.241 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6
  8. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition
  9. ^ Albert Henry, En 1988, le terme Wallonie évoque (...) une réalité politique et administrative constitutionnellement reconnue (...) En 1830, et au cours des années qui suivirent, on avait continué à se servir des expressions provinces wallonnes, cette dernière déjà employée au seizième siècle, au moins et pays wallon plus rarement attestées avant le dix-huitième siècle, opus citatus, pp. 15-16
  10. ^ Het naembouck van 1562, Tweede druk van het Nederlands - Frans Woordenboek van Hoos Lambrech, published by R.Verdeyen, Liège-Paris, 1945, p.221.
  11. ^ Also quoted by Albert Henry, opus citatus, p.81
  12. ^ Hans Heyst, Philippi II, Koenigs in Spanien, Reise aus Spanien nach Genos, und dann ferner durch Italien und Teutschland ins Wulland, und von dannen herauf in die Stadt Augsburg von anno 1549 bis 1551, Journey and Voyage of Philipp II, from Spain to Genos,andthen further through Italy and Germany into Wallonia and to hence into the City of Augsburg,Augsburg, 1571, 4to. Published, by Par John Pinkerton; Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1814, see the translation of Wulland in the English Wallonia p. 89 A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English. Digested on a New Plan, Copy of the University of Michigan
  13. ^ Albert Henry, opus citatus, note 1. p. 81
  14. ^ Le païs de Valons, Belgolalia, Wallonennland, in Le Grand Dictionnaire RoyalAugsbourg, 1767 in Etudes d'histoire wallonne, Fondation Plisnier, Bruxelles, 1964 Etudes d'histoire wallonne
  15. ^ So Heissen die Kirchweihen in der Tourraine assemblées, in der Bretagne pardons, in den nördlichen Departments bald kermesses, bald, wie im Wallonenland, ducasses (von dedicatio)... in Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur Leipzig 1864,p. 391 Jahrbuch für Romanische und Englische Literatur
  16. ^ Albert Henry, Un témoignage anglais, opus citatus, p.48
  17. ^ Le pays wallon comprenait la plus grande partie de ce qui forme aujourd'hui la Belgique,la Flandre occidentale et orientale, dites ensemble Flandre wallonne, la province de Namur, le Hainaut, le pays de Liège, le Limbourg et même le Luxembourg in Dictionnaire Bescherelle Paris, 1856, Vol II, p. 1664Bescherelle, Vol II, 1856, Paris, p. 1664
  18. ^ Albert Henry, opus citatus, p.81 quoted the 1846 edition
  19. ^ French " En ce qui concerne les termes employés pour désigner la Terre des Wallons au cours des âges, nous avons noté le Roman pays, ensuite le Pays wallon. Il y eut aussi l'expression: les Provinces wallonnes." Félix Rousseau, La Wallonie,terre romane, 6th edition, Charleroi, 1993, p.120, DL/1993/0276/1
  20. ^ From the 1st of January 2009, “Wallonia-Brussels International (WBI)” will further enhance the visibility of Wallonia-Brussels international activities, both in Belgium and abroad. WBI will pool all of the international relations work of the French Community, the Walloon Region and the French Community Commission of the Brussels-Capital Region. Wallonia-Brussels International
  21. ^ Walloons pioneered the industrial revolution in the Continent
  22. ^ Centre d'étude de l'opinion
  23. ^ Lucy Baugnet, L'identité culturelle des jeunes Wallons, Liège 1989
  24. ^ L.Hendschel, Quelques indices de la vitalité du wallon, in Walloon Qué walon po dmwin? pp 114-134, Quorum, Gerpinnes ISBN 2-87399-072-4
  25. ^ Causan wallon
  26. ^ Félix Rousseau, L'art mosan,introduction historique, Duculot, Gembloux,1970 p. 44, ISBN 2-8011-0004-8
  27. ^ Félix Rousseau,opus citatus, p. 46
  28. ^ Konrad Gündisch Without a doubt, among the settlers were not only Germans, be they Teutonici from Southern Germany or Saxons from Middle and Northern Germany but also Romanic people from the western regions of the then German Empire. One of the earliest documents on Transylvanian Saxons points at Flandrenses who had at least two independent settler groups.These came from an economically highly developed region of the empire, where during the 11th and 12th centuries shortage of land was overcome through intensive planning and building of dike systems. Cities were developed through the textile industry and trade. Many knights of the first crusade came from here. It is undisputed that Flandrenses played an important role in the German East-Migration.Latins, settlers of Romanic-Walloon origin, were also represented. For example, Johannes Latinus, who arrived as knight but also as one of the first Transylvanian merchants, Gräf Gyan from Salzburg who frightened the bishop of Weißenburg, or Magister Gocelinus, who presented Michelsberg to the Cistercian abbey Kerz. Also to be mentioned is the name of the town Walldorf (villa Latina, "Wallonendorf", town of Walloons) and villa Barbant or Barbantina, a name which brings to mind Brabant in Belgium. Based on the described and often contradictory research results, answers to the question of the origin of Transylvanian Saxons cannot be considered as final. An incontestable clarification cannot be expected since it is probable that the colonists of different religions and ethnic background came in small groups from all regions of the then empire and grew, once in Transylvania, into a group with its own distinct identity, with German language and culture. In any event, their number was negligibly small and has been estimated at 520 families, approximately 2600 persons. in Siebenbürgen und die Siebenbürger SachsenTaschenbuch - 304 Seiten (1998) Langen-Müller, München.; ISBN 3784426859.English translation History of Transylvania and the Transalvanian Saxons
  29. ^ Albert Henry, opus citatus, p. 112.
  30. ^ Wallons-nous?
  31. ^ William Shakespeare Henry VI, Part 1 , (published by Michael Taylor) Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 0198183925, 9780198183921, p.104, note 137. Henry VI, Part One
  32. ^ Note sur le sens de Wallon chez Shakespeare, Académie de langue et de littérature françaises, 42 (1964)
  33. ^ Reclamations of Shakespeare, published by Rodopi, 1994, p.24 ISBN 9051836066, a little mistake with the interverted figures of 1492, in fact 1429 (en of the Siege of Orléans) Reclamations of Shakespeare
  34. ^ Histoire des mots wallons et Wallonie, opus citatus,note 1, Chapter II, p.81
  35. ^ Luc Courtois,De fer et de feu l'émigration wallonne vers la Suède (Ouvrage publié avec l'aide du Fonds national de la recherche scientifique), Fondation wallonne, Louvain-la-neuve, 2003 ISBN 2-9600072-8-X
  36. ^ HUGUENOTS-WALLOONS-EUROPE-L Archives
  37. ^ James Shaw, Sketches of the History of the Austrian Netherlands: With Remarks on the Constitution, Commerce, ... Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, London 1786, p. 64 Copy of the New York Public Library
  38. ^ French une tension entre l'autorité communale bruxelloise et le pouvoir hollandais dans un premier temps, et une diffusion de la colère dans le reste du pays -notamment dans les principales villes wallonnes - dans un deuxième temps Bruno Demoulin and Jean-Louis Kupper (editors) Histoire de la Wallonie opus citatus, p. 239
  39. ^ George Edmundson The History of Holland Cambridge at the University Press, 1922, pp. 389-404 The History of Holland
  40. ^ Jacques Logie, 1830. De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, Duculot, Gembloux,1980, p.168, ISBN 2-8011-0332-2
  41. ^ RobertDemoulin, La révolution de 1830, La Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles, 1950, p. 93
  42. ^ Robert Demoulin, opus citatus p. 113
  43. ^ Robert Demoulin, opus citatus, p. 109
  44. ^ Robert Demoulin, opus citatus, pp. 111-113
  45. ^ John W. Rooney Jr., Profil du combattant de 1830 dans Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, T. 12, 1981,p.487 Profil du combattant de 1830
  46. ^ French La Belgique est partagée entre deux peuples, les Wallons et les Flamands. Les premiers parlent la langue française; les seconds la langue flamande. La ligne de démarcation est sensiblement tracée. [...] Ainsi les provinces qui sont en deçà de la ligne wallonne, savoir: la province de Liège, le Brabant wallon| la Province de Namur, la Province de Hainaut, sont wallonnes [...] Et celles qui sont au-delà de la ligne [...] sont flamandes. Ce n'est point ici une division arbitraire ou un plan fait d'imagination pour appuyer une opinion ou créer un système; c'est une vérité de fait... Louis Dewez, Cours d'histoire de Belgique contenant les leçons publiques données au musée des Lettres ert des Sciences de Bruxelles, tome II, pp. 152-153, JP Méline, Bruxelles, 1833
  47. ^ Histoire de France
  48. ^ Neben Flandern, Brüssel und der Wallonie möchten sie [die deutschsprachigen Belgier] ein eigenständiger Bestandteil, eine autonome gliedstaatliche Körperschaft, eine eigene „Gemeinschaft/Region“ bleiben, die für alle Gemeinschaftszuständigkeiten und jene regionalen Zuständigkeiten verantwortlich ist, die sie eigenverantwortlich gestalten will. Und auch wenn sie diese nicht unbedingt und unmittelbar fordert. Ansprache von Karl-Heinz Lambertz, Ministerpräsident der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens10. Juli 2008

[edit] See also


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