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Wallonia

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Wallonia (French: Wallonie, German: Wallonien, Dutch: Wallonië, Walloon: Waloneye) is the French-speaking southern part of Belgium. This region makes up about 31% of the Belgian population.

Since 1970, Wallonia has approximately coincided with the territory of the Walloon Region, which is a federated component of the Belgian state and provides a government and a parliament to both Wallonia and the smaller German-speaking Community of Belgium (73,000 inhabitants). Wallonia is therefore also the name colloquially given to the Walloon Region [1]. The inhabitants of Wallonia are belonging to the French Community of Belgium also referred to as Wallonia-Brussels Community[2] which includes both Wallonia and the French-speaking inhabitants of Brussels-Capital Region (a little less than one million inhabitants).

Wallonia takes its name from the Walloons (from the Germanic word Walha, the strangers), the population of the Burgundian Netherlands speaking Romance languages. In Middle Dutch (and French), the term Walloons also included the French-speaking population of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège [3] and hence the whole population of the Romanic sprachraum within the medieval Low Countries.


Contents

[edit] History

Main article : History of Wallonia

[edit] The Language Border

Boundaries of the Walloon language in to-day Wallonia are the old Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège's one
Walloon territory was in the southern part of the Low countries

Following Fernand Braudel the most important event of the Walloon history (and of the Belgian history), the so-called Barbarian invasions, is one interesting example of the longue durée event. He wrote that the result of the germanic invasions - the language border in Belgium - is a contemporary and living trait (see, for instance, Belgium divided into two parts along a language border [4] . This border, separating the Germanic and Roman sprachraums, moved over the centuries which preceded the establishment of the Walloon region over an area between the Ardennes and the more or less straight line going from Aachen to Calais on the one hand and the much less populated frontier from Aachen to Arlon via Malmedy. [5]

Félix Rousseau drawn a map of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège which was underlining the Roman sprachraum of its territory from about 400 to 1559 (see this map [2]). Fort the Walloon historian, the living and most important part of the diocese was Hesbaye, Condroz, Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse and Ardenne, the two-third of the to-day territory of Wallonia (and also the area of the Walloon language even if the Walloon language is not the etymology of Wallonia) The Flemsih part of it was only a dependency following Rousseau [6].

Despite of this cultural unity based on the old Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège (pointed out by Felix Rousseau), a cultural unity linked to the Mosan art too (again following Rousseau), the old Wallonia was fragmented into many feudal principalities (County of Hainaut, the southern part of the Duchy of Brabant, the Walloon part of Bishopric of Liège, the County of Namur and the Walloon part of the Duchy of Luxembourg). Some parts of these principalities didn't belong to the old Diocese of Liège (mainly Mons, Wallonie picarde, Gaume, Arlon...).

[edit] Industry

Font of Renier de Huy (Mosan art): The baptism of the catechumens. A kind of an old Walloon know-how in making the brass i (12th century).
Statue of Louis de Geer (1587-1652) in Norrköping (Sweden) (1945 : at the bottom Father of the industry in Sweden

The industrial revolution took place in the Sillon industriel just after the equivalent revolution in Great-Britain. During ancient times, the fourth basin of the Sillon ([[Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse was an important industrial area of the Roman Empire. After, iron was more or less displaced by brass or bronze. The local centers of medieval metalworking was in Huy, Dinant, Chimay. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the iron masters of Liège evolved a method of refining iron ore by the use of a blast furnace, called the Walloon Method, There were also a few coalmines around Charleroi, and the Borinage during this era but their production was small, and principally consumed as a fuel by various industries such as the important glassmaking industry that sprang up in the Charleroi basin during the fourteenth century. .[7]

During the Middle-Age, the Walloon method [8], consisted of making pig iron in a blast furnace, followed by refining it in a finery forge. The process was devised in the Liège region spread[9] into France and thence from the Pays de Bray to England before the end of the 15th century.[10][11] Louis de Geer took it to Roslagen in Sweden in the early 17th century, where he employed Walloon ironmakers.[12] Iron made there by this method was known in England as oregrounds iron.[13]

When arriving at the end of the first stage of the industrial revolution, Walloon captains of industry took huge risks because of the large increase of the production. The result was that the High Bank in Brussels took very important financial participation in the Walloon companies. In 1847, it is done. Brussels became the dominating structure of the Belgian space [14] The language of Belgium's elites, Government, Monarchy, Bourgeoisie was French in 1830. The French choice of the elites in 1830 was not a Walloon choice, in favour of this southern part of Belgium . French speaking elites at the head of the companies, the industry, the politics were all coming from both Flanders and Wallonia. It was a social choice. Quickly, Wallonia found it to its cost [15]

The Sillon industriel became an industrial power, second in the world during the 19th century, and the breeding grounds of the European socialist movement. Major and general strikes took place along this sillon in 1885, 1893 (for universal suffrage), 1902, 1913, 1932, 1936, 1950 (against King Leopold III because of his relationship with the Germans during the World War II). Wallonia was never dominating Belgium. Belgium was dominated by a Francophone elite from Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia. The historian Philippe Destatte wrote: It is true that the Walloon movement, which has never stopped affirming that Wallonia is part of the French cultural area, has never made this cultural struggle a priority, being more concerned to struggle against its status as a political minority and the economic decline which was only a corollary to it. [16] Jules Destrée fought against this situation : the Walloon people were always a minority in Belgium, firstly dominated by the Frenchspeaking elite and afterward by the Dutchspeaking elite. André Renard fought against this economic decline when he became the leader of the strike of 1960-1961, a struggle for a self-governing Wallonia, a renardist strike.

[edit] Geography

Coalmining and steelmaking industrial areas in Belgium. The sillon industriel is the blue area along the Meuse and Sambre.

Wallonia is a landlocked area along the Meuse river. The Meuse valley from Liège (70 m) to Namur prolonged by the Sambre valley to Charleroi (120 m) is entrenched within a fault line which separates Middle (elevation 100-200 m) and High Belgium (200-700 m). The valley, along with its prolongation along the Haine river to the west and along the Vesdre river to the east, is the historical centre of the Belgian coalmining and steelmaking industry. It is therefore also called sillon industriel in French, the industrial furrow. Due to their long industrial historic record, several segments of the valley have received specific names: Borinage, around Mons, Le Centre, around La Louvière, the Pays noir, around Charleroi and Basse-Sambre, near to Namur.

In the north of the industrial sillon lies the Middle Belgian plateau, which is characterized by intensive agriculture. The Walloon part of this plateau is traditionally divided into several regions: Walloon Brabant around Nivelles, Western Hainaut (Wallonie picarde, around Tournai), and the Hesbaye around Waremme. The south of the sillon is more rugged and is characterized by more extensive farming. It is traditionally divided into several regions: Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse, Condroz, Famenne, Ardennes and Land of Herve, as well as the Gaume around Arlon. The larger region, the Ardennes, is a thickly forested plateau with caves and small gorges. It offers much of Belgium's wildlife but little agricultural capability. Extending westward into France, this area is eastwardly connected to the Eifel in Germany by the High Fens plateau, on which the Signal de Botrange forms Belgian highest point at 694 metres (2,277 ft).

[edit] Economy

Main article: History of Wallonia

The Walloon Parliament in Namur (in rose), at a symbolic place: the confluence of the Meuse (in front of the Parliament) and the Sambre (at the left of it) which are the main rivers defining the Sillon industriel, the most inhabited part of Wallonia (2 milions). Wallonia wants to counter its decline (see further)

Jean-Pierre Rioux quoted a table in his book La révolution industrielle (Industrial revolution) showing Wallonia was a table not based on absolute figures[17]). This table was firstly drawn by Paul Bairoch, a table not based on absolute figures]] [18] According to many authors, the word Belgium may be exchanged for Wallonia as for instance Herbert Lüthy[19] Philippe Destatte wrote that Wallonia was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory [20]. Hervé Hasquin, Philippe Raxhon. The Walloon iron and steel industry came to be regarded as an example of the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word “houille” was coined in Wallonia), the region geared up to become the second industrial power in the world after England. In fact, despite the protectionism of neighbouring states, in 1833 Belgian industry boasted 5 times more steam machines per inhabitant than a country such as France. It also exported them to over 25 countries. [21]The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent. [22]

The two World wars curbed the continuous expansion that Wallonia had enjoyed up till that time. Then everything changed dramatically in 1958. The factories of Wallonia were by then antiquated, the coal was running out and the cost of extracting coal was constantly rising. It was the end of an era, and Wallonia had to redefine itself as a dynamic industrial heartland. The key to the region's future was state-of-the-art technology. [23] In December 1960, a strike gripped the country, but it succeeded only in Wallonia. The movement became a renardist strike,a collective expression of the frustrations, anxieties, and grievances that Wallony was experiencing in response to its altered situation, and by the demands of the newly formed Mouvement populaire wallon for (...) regional autonomy for Wallony...[24].

Now, Wallonia is managing interregional cooperation with its neighbours [25], centres of excellence and-state-of-the-art technologies [26] and business parks [27]. The Region is not yet at the level of Flanders and is suffering many difficulties.

Forty Walloon companies are number one in Wallonia and worldwide following the Union Wallonne des Entreprises [28], for instance: in glass production [29] lime and limestone production [30] Cyclotrons [31]aviation industry [32] etc.

[edit] Politics of Wallonia

Main article : Politics of Wallonia

The Walloon movement wanted since 1945 (even 1912), an autonomous Wallonia, firstly for political reasons (the Belgian political majority was catholic since 1884 to 1914), and secondly, after 1945 for economic reasons. Pieter Saey, Christian Kesteloot and Christian Vandermotten summarized this evolution in writing:The Flemings wanted political power to match their new economic power; the Walloons wanted political power to counter their economic decline. [33]. Wallonia has its own powers and doesn't share them with the other Regions or Communities (except with the Community Wallonia-Brussels but not in the framework of the Belgian Constitution, only on the basis of agreemnts between the Walloon Region and this French Community). As the other Federating units of Belgium, it is entitled to pursue its own foreign policy including the signing of treaties. There is almost no possible veto of the Belgian State (except in very seldom situations), and, even, Belgium, in many domains, is not able to sign an international treaty without the agreement of the Walloon Parliament. There is no legal hierarchy in the structure of the Belgian federal system, no hierarchy between federal and regional authorities. That is the reason why Belgium has many aspects of a Confederation [34] The directly-elected Walloon Parliament was created in June 1995, replacing the Conseil régional wallon (Regional Council of Wallonia). This first sat on 15 October 1980 and was composed of members of the Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives and the Belgian Senate elected from Wallonia.

[edit] Etymology

The french word Wallonie comes from the term Wallon, itself coming from Walh. Walh is a very old germanic word used to refer to a speaker of Celtic or Latin.[35]

The first apparition recognized of the French word Wallonie dates from 1842[36] in the Essai d'étymologie philosophique of the philologue and anthropologist Honoré Chavée who use it to refer to the romance word in opposition to Germany. Its «true» meaning, according to Albert Henry[37], happens two years later under the quill of François-Charles-Joseph Grandgagnage who by this name refers «this time, more and less neatly, the romance part of the young unitary State Belgium.»[38] It is in 1886, with the writer and walloon militant Albert Mockel, that the word takes «its political meaning of cultural and regional affirmation»[39], in opposition with the word Flanders used by the Flemish Movement.

[edit] Symbols

The emergence of a Walloon identity and a Walloon Movement organized has produced different symbols representing Wallonia and events celebrating it. The main symbol is the "bold rooster" (French: coq hardi), also named "Walloon rooster" (French: coq wallon, Walloon: cok walon), which is widely used, particularly for flags. This emblem was chosen by the Walloon Assembly on 20 April 1913[40] which adopted Pierre Paulus design on 3 July 1913[40]. A hymn, Le Chant des Wallons (English: The Song of the Walloons), composed in 1900, was also adopted. On September 21, 1913, the feast of Wallonia first took place in Verviers, the date is to commemorate the participation of Walloons during the Belgian revolution of 1830. There is also a motto of Wallonia, which is "Always Walloon" (Walloon: Walon todi).

Except the motto, those symbols chosen by the Walloon Movement were set by the Walloon Parliament as official emblems and events of the Walloon Region in 1998. The French Community of Belgium chose the coq hardi for its flag in 1991.

[edit] Language

[edit] Romance People or Land

The historians committed to the Belgian unity cause stressed the duality of Belgium. Léon Vanderkindere was speaking about the striking difference of the two parts of the Belgian population [41]. Henri Pirenne, recognized the same duality in his books and also in several lectures as, for instance, at the Walloon Congress of 1905: The two people, the Walloon people and the Flemish people, who are in Belgium [...] made great things in different domains and different actions, with various capacities [...] Each of these people may have for the other the greatest admiration... [42]. He speaks also of two national feelings There is undoubtless at home two other feelings, perfectly perceptible: the Flemish national feeling and the Walloon national feeling [43]

The point of view of the official website of the Walloon Region is the following: Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. Our ancestors became the Gallo-Romans and were called the "Walha" by their Germanic neighbours. Hence the name Wallonia. The "Walha" abandoned their Celtic dialects and started to speak Vulgar Latin. Already at that time, Wallonia was on the border between the Germanic world and the Latin world. [44]The historians committed to the Walloon cause are emphasizing the land of the Walloon people: Léopold Genicot[45], Francis Dumont etc.[46]. For Félix Rousseau, Wallonia has always been a romance land since Gallic Wars and constitutes a Latin avant-garde in the Germanic Europe. Félix Rousseau's book La Wallonie, Terre Romane [The Wallonia, Romance Land] begins like :

For centuries, the land of the Walloons has been and has never stopped to be a romance land. That's the capital fact of the history of the Walloons that explains their way to think, to feel, to believe.
Moreover, in the whole romance world, the land of Walloons, stuk between germanic territories, occupies a special position, a position of avant-garde. Indeed, the 300km long border separate those extremi Latini of the Flemish at the North, of the Germans at the East.[47].

The maps of the regional languages in France and Wallonia and in the regions of the neigbbouring countries illustrates these facts as same as the map of the regional languages in Wallonia itself:


The official language of Wallonia is French, the Belgian French variety which differs from the standard French of France to various degrees depending on the speaker. That was the decision of the National Congress elected in November 1830 (some weeks after the democratic revolution against The Netherlands who pulled Belgium from this country), but Wallonia was the only region of Belgium which remained loyal to this decision even if both in Wallonia and Flanders the languages spoken by the upper classes was only French. This language was not the language of the low classes in Wallonia but rather the dialects, Walloon, Picard and Lorrain were spoken, as you can see it on the following maps. In Flanders, this decision of the upper classes only represented in the National Congress was the origin of a Flemish movement. There was not such a political movement in Wallonia. In this part of Belgium, the interests of the low classes will be defended by the trade unions and the socialist movement (and some parts of the Liberals and the catholic party). When the Flemish movement became successful at the end of the nineteenth century, the socialist party (for instance Paul Pastur Jules Destrée and some other leftist movements, as the communists, the christian-democrats, the liberals...), began to defend Wallonia in itself, not only their leftist programms. During the sixties that will be also the case of the Walloon Trade Unions with André Renard. The most important justification of the Walloon movement is the fact that the Walloon population is a minority in Belgium (since 1830), even if the French-spaking upper classes dominated the Belgian state in the beginning.

[edit] Linguistic characteristics of Wallonia

The French language used in the administration and in the media is very similar in Belgium and in France. One notable difference is the use of the words septante (70) and nonante (90) in Belgium, as opposed to soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix in France. The other romance languages used are langue d'oïl regional languages : Walloon, Picard, Champenois, and Gaumais (a variety of Lorrain language).

The official language in Wallonia remained French. Nevertheless, the regional languages of Romance Belgium are more important than in France.

The concepts of francité ou romanité are widespread in the Walloon Movement today. They aime a romance linguistic community to which Walloon have always belong, that is to say since the Gallo-Roman period. It is in this context that the Wallingants have never fought for the recognition of the Walloon language as a standard language. Indeed, certainly since the 19th century the nations should have at their disposal their own territory but also a language unified and prestigious. A dialect labelled as a linguistic variant is not enough. The prestige of French language presented a certain advantage in the fight against the Flemish Movement.[48]

Champenois, Gaumais, Picard and Walloon (and also the germanic dialects present in Brussel and the French linguistic area) have only been officially recognized as regional languages since 24 December 1990 by a decree of the French Community of Belgium.


Walloon and Picard dialects were the predominant languages of the Walloon people until the beginning of the 20th century; French was the language of the upper class. With the development of education in French, these dialects have been in continual decline. There is currently an effort to revive Walloon dialects: some schools offer language courses in Walloon, which is also spoken in some radio programmes, but this effort remains very limited.

[edit] Francophone unity, respect for diversity

Some Wallingants consider Wallonia as linguistically united and want to keep that linguistic unity. For example, the liberal and wallingant François Bovesse in 1929 said in one of his speeches :

Walloons, we should pay attention to that aspect of the problem. The prolific Flanders is invading us slowly; if those who come to us and that we welcome fraternally isolate themselves in flemish linguistic groups, if some fanatisms help them to not being absorbed, if an administrative legislation unclear about languages favors this non-absorption, Walloons, beware, in fifty years your land will not be yours anymore.
It is hard, it is bitter to "drop" the Frenchmen (sic) of Flanders. It would be much harder and more dangerous to sacrifice our linguistic unity.[49]

Some other Wallingants, as for instance seven representatives of the Walloon Parliament in may 2006 made a proposal of a Walloon Constitution [50], speaking of the inhabitants of the German-speaking municipalities (70.000 inhabitants at the East of the Province of Liège in Wallonia), as a very important link for Wallonia with the germanic countries of Europa [51]

[edit] Voeren

Some wallingants, as the Chairmain of the Walloon Parliament José Happart, claim that the municipality of Voeren should belong both to Wallonia and Flanders [52]

[edit] Culture

The Manifesto for Walloon culture was published in Liège on 15th september 1983.

[edit] Mosan art

[edit] Cinema

Walloon films are often characterized by social realism, like those of the Dardenne brothers or Benoît Mariage, and the social documentaries of Patric Jean. On the other hand, films such as Thierry Zéno's "Vase de noces" (1974), "Mireille in the life of the others" by Jean-Marie Buchet (1979), "C'est arrivé près de chez vous" (English title: Man bites dog) by Rémy Belvaux and André Bonzel (1992) and the works of Noël Godin and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are influenced by surrealism, absurdism and black comedy. Wallonia does not have an Anthology Film Archive Museum. No theater projects pointed cinema (experimental cinema, underground, or simply different, unusual test in the content or the form.) There is however the network of the theater known as "Art and essai" but, in practice, they diffuse only cinema subsidized "general public".

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634954/Wallonia
  2. ^ Wallonia-Brussels International
  3. ^ Footnote: In medieval French, the word Liégeois referred to all the inhabitants of the Principality vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Low-countries, the word Walloons being only used for the French-speaking inhabitants vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Principality. Stengers, Jean (1991), "Depuis quand les Liégeois sont-ils des Wallons?", in Hasquin, Hervé (in French), Hommages à la Wallonie [mélanges offerts à Maurice Arnould et Pierre Ruelle], Brussels: éditions de l'ULB, pp. 431–447 
  4. ^ Fernand Braudel, L'identité de la France, Tome I, Arthaud-Flammarion, Paris, 1986, p. 14, ISBN 2-7003-0411-X French le dépassement du Rhin au Ve siècle par des peuplades germaniques [...constitue] à des siècles et des siècles de distance, un trait contemporain vivant (voyez par exemple la Belgique coupée linguistiquement en deux)
  5. ^ Roland Willemyns, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (2002). "The Dutch-French Language Border in Belgium". Journal of multilingual and multicultural development. Retrieved on 2008-07-23. "For almost a century (and in spite of the deficient methodology) therewere (with the exception of Brussels) no significant differences from one census to another (Martens, 1975), a fact demonstrating the remarkable stability of Belgium’s linguistic communities."
  6. ^ Félix Rousseau in La Meuse et le Pays mosan en Belgique, éditions culture et civilisation, Bruxelles, 1977, p. 220
  7. ^ Peter N.Stearns, The Revolutionnary Period of the Industrial Revolution: pp. 129-130.
  8. ^ Awty, Brian G. 'The Development and Dissemination of the Walloon Method of Ironworking' Technology and Culture Volume 48, Number 4, October 2007, pp. 783-803
  9. ^ Peter N.Stearns, Op. cit., p.130
  10. ^ B. G. Awty, ‘The continental origins of Wealden ironworkers’ Economic History Review Ser. II, 34 (1981), 524-39.
  11. ^ B. G. Awty, ‘The origin of the blast furnace: evidence from the frankophone areas’ Historical Metallurgy 21(2) (1987), 96-9.
  12. ^ M. Nisser, 'Bergslagen' in B. Holtze and others (eds.), The Engelsberg ironworks (Stockholm 1975), 29-36.
  13. ^ P. W. King, 'The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron: trading relationships in the raw material for steel' Journal of Industrial History 6(1) (2003), 25-48. See also Robert Halleux, Anne-Catherine Bernès, Luc Étienne, 'L'évolution des sciences et des techniques en Wallonie', in Atouts et références d’une région, Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1995 Atouts et références d’une région
  14. ^ Philippe Destatte, L'identité wallonne, Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1997, p.51
  15. ^ Philippe Destatte wrote In the history of Belgium, the legislative elections held on 11 June 1884 represent a pivotal point for the total victory of the Catholic Pary over Walthère Frère-Orban's liberals opened the way for thirty years of homogeneous governments, thirty years of domination by that party , whose main power was in Flanders. Above all, this 1884 victory had the effect - to quote Robvert Demoulin - of shifting the country's political centre of gravity from the South to towardd the North. Philippe Destatte, Some Questions regarding the Birth of federalist Demands in Wallonia in L'idéefédéréaliste dans les Etats-Nations, Presses universitaires européennes et Institut Destrée, Bruxelles, 1999, pages, 13-35. ISBN 2-87035-010-4
  16. ^ Philippe Destatte, Wallonia today - The search for an identity without nationalist mania
  17. ^ Jean-Pierre Rioux, La révolution industrielle, Seuil, Paris, 1989, Collection Points ISBN 2-02-000651-0
  18. ^ P. BAIROCH, Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 à 1910, dans Annales, Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, novembre-décembre 1965, p. 1110
  19. ^ quoted by Maurice Besnard: Belgium and its Walloon part was the first country to become an industrial country after England. Herbert Lüthy did not agree with the theory of Max Weber on the link between capitalism and protestantism and, on the contrary, underlined the fact that Wallonia was a catholic country. Philippe Besnard, Protestantisme et capîtalisme. la controverse post-wébérienne. Armand Collin, Paris, 1970, pages 27-31.
  20. ^ Philippe Destatte, L'identité wallonne, Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1997, pages 49-50) ISBN 2-87035-000-7
  21. ^ Wallonia Foreign Trade and Investment Agency.
  22. ^ European Route of Industrial Heritage
  23. ^ http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/economy/history-of-the-walloon-economy/index.html
  24. ^ Renée C. Fox, In the Belgian Château, Ivan R.Dee, Chicago, page 13, 1994 ISBN 1-56663-057-6
  25. ^ http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/wallonia-and-europe/international-relations/cross-border-and-interregional-cooperation/index.html
  26. ^ http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/economy/centres-of-excellence-and-state-of-the-art-technologies/index.html
  27. ^ http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/economy/walloon-incentives/index.html
  28. ^ Dynamisme wallon Dynamisme wallon, décembre 2007 French and English after the words lire l'article
  29. ^ AFC Flat Glass
  30. ^ Carmeuse
  31. ^ IBA
  32. ^ SONACA
  33. ^ Pieter Saey et al., Unequal Economic Developpment at the Origin of the Federalization Process in Kas Deprez and Louis Vos, Nationalism in Belgium Macmilan, London, 1998, St. Martin's Press, New-York, 1998,pp 165-176, ISBN 0-333-65737-3 and ISBN 0-312-21249-6
  34. ^ Rolf Falter, Belgium's Peculiar Way to Federalism in Nationalism in Belgium,opus citatus, pp.175-197
  35. ^ John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, English and Welsch in Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures, University of Cardiff Press, 1963. read online
  36. ^ recognized by Albert Henry and actual studies. For your information, there is also a mention of Wallonie in 1825 : (French) « les Germains, au contraire, réservant pour eux seuls le noble nom de Franks, s'obstinaient, dès le onzième siècle, à ne plus voir de Franks dans la Gaule, qu'ils nommaient dédaigneusement Wallonie, terre des Wallons ou des Welsches » Augustin Thierry, Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands, Éd. Firmin Didot, Paris, 1825, tome 1, p. 155. read online
  37. ^ (French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 12.
  38. ^ Albert Henry, ibidem, p. 13.
  39. ^ (French) «C'est cette année-là [1886] que naît le mot Wallonie, dans son sens politique d'affirmation culturelle régionale, lorsque le Liégeois Albert Mockel crée une revue littéraire sous ce nom» Philippe Destatte, L'identité wallonne, ibid., p. 32.
  40. ^ a b http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/be-wal_l.html#wal98
  41. ^ L.Vanderkindere, Ethnologie, in Patria Belgica Tome II, Bruxelles, 1873, p. 25 la distinction des deux fractions de la population belge est frappante
  42. ^ Henri Pirenne's speech at the Walloon Congress of 1905 quoted by Jacques Stiennon in La Wallonie, le Pays et les hommes, Tome II (lettres,arts, culture), La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1975, p. 461. The whole French sentence translated is (we translate "race" by people) Des deux races qui habitent la Belgique, la wallonne et la flamande, aucune n'a rien à envier à l'autre. Dans des domaines différents, avec des activités différentes et avec des aptitudes variées, elles ont toutes deux produit de grandes choses. Elles ont collaboré chacune à notre histoire dans une émulation réciproque, et elles ne peuvent avoir l'une pour l'autre que de l'admiration."
  43. ^ 1. Congrès wallon. Compte rendu officiel, Liège 1905; Chantal KESTELOOT, Mouvement wallon et identité nationale. C.H. CRISP, n°1392, 1993, p.17 : il y a certainement, chez nous, deux autres sentiments parfaitement reconnaissables : le sentiment national flamand et le sentiment national wallon .
  44. ^ [Official website of the Walloon Region http://www.wallonie.be/en/discover-wallonia/history/a-young-region-with-a-long-history-from-57bc-to-1831/index.html]
  45. ^ Léopold Genicot (editor), Histoire de la Wallonie, Privat, Toulouse,1973, spoke in revue Toudi n° 1, 1987, p. of an enclave in the area of the germanic languages, an avant-garde
  46. ^ Francis Dumont, quoted by Hervé Hasquin Historiographie et politique en Belgique, IJD et ULB, Bruxelles, 1995, describes the Walloon territory as a kind of isthmus (p.218) connecting old France and old Germany
  47. ^ (French) Depuis des siècles, la terre des Wallons est une terre romane et n'a cessé de l'être. Voilà le fait capital de l'histoire des Wallons qui explique leur façon de penser, de sentir, de croire. D'autre part, dans l'ensemble du monde roman, la terre des Wallons, coincée entre des territoires germaniques, occupe une position spéciale, une position d'avant-garde. En effet, une frontière de près de trois cents kilomètres sépare ces extremi Latini des Flamands au Nord, des Allemands à l'Est. Félix Rousseau, La Wallonie, Terre romane, Institut Jules Destrée, Charleroi, 1962, 3rd ed., p. 9.
  48. ^ (Dutch) «De concepten van de Francité of Romanité, een Romaanse taalgemeenschap waartoe de Walen sinds de Gallo-Romeinse periode, behoord zouden hebben, zijn wijdverspreid in de WB [Waalse Beweging] van vandaag. In deze context is het opvallend dat Waalsgezinden nooit hebben gestreden voor de erkenning van het Waals als standaardtaal. Zeker vanaf de 19de eeuw moesten naties immers niet alleen een eigen grondgebied hebben, maar ook een eigen prestigieuze standaardtaal. Een als dialect bestempelde taalvariant volstond niet. Het aanzien van het Frans was een belangrijk concurrentievoordeel in de strijd tegen de VB. » Maarten Van Ginderachter, Het kraaien van de haan - Natie en nationalisme in Wallonië sinds 1880, Academia Press, coll. Jan Dhondt-Cahiers, Ghent, october 2005, p. 45. read online
  49. ^ (French) «Wallons, prenons garde à cet aspect du problème. La Flandre prolifique nous envahit lentement; si ceux qui viennent vers nous et que nous accueillons fraternellement s'isolent en des groupements flamands linguistiques, si certains fanatismes les aident à ne pas être absorbés, si une législation administrative peu nette en matière linguistique favorise cette non-absorption, Wallons, prenez garde, dans cinquante ans votre terre ne sera plus à vous.
    C'est dur, c'est amer de "lâcher" les français de Flandre, ce serait bien plus dur et plus dangereux de sacrifier notre unité linguistique.» La Province de Namur Journal, 5-6 october 1929, p. 1 cited in Pour la défense intégrale de la Wallonie - François Bovesse, Institut Jules Destrée, Collection Écrits politiques wallons, Mont-sur-Marchienne, vol. 4, p. 165.
  50. ^ [Proposition de Constitution wallonne http://www.josehappart.be/propositions/constitution.php]
  51. ^ Article 119 of the proposal: Les habitants des communes de langue allemande et leurs institutions jouent pour la Wallonie entière, un rôle de relais privilégié vers les pays de culture germanique, Parlement wallon, 4 mai 2006
  52. ^ in french [1] un statut bi-régional

[edit] See also

[edit] External links


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